Any relatively permanent change in behavior results from past experience

- Change in either immediate or potential behavior

- Relatively permanent

- Due to experience, not maturation or drugs,

Must be due to repetition or training

Identify relationships between events and notice

regularities

Automatic formation of associations due to contiguity (?)

- ocurring together in time

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Pavlov's dogs

Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already elicits a reflex

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Conditioned Response (CR)

Naturally Causes

Loud Noise ---------> Fear/ Startle Reflex

(UCS) (UCR)

White Rat + Nat. Causes

Loud Noise ----------------------> Fear/ Startle

(CS + UCS) (UCR)

Through Learning

White Rat -----------------------> Fear/ Startle

(CS) (CR)

Pairing of Stimuli

- simultaneous

- trace

- backward

- delayed

Predictive Value - contingency not simply contiguity

Generalization

Discrimination

Extinction

Reconditioning

Spontaneous Recovery

How behavior is influenced by its consequences

Thorndike's Puzzle Box

The Law of Effect

B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning

Operant

- a response that has some effect on the world

Reinforcers

- increase the probability that the operant will occur again

Positive

Negative

Shaping - Successive approximation

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Primary Reinforcers

- necessary for survival

Secondary Reinforcers

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment - Decreases the probability of a behavior

Problems with punishment

because attention is paid to child it may actually reinforce behavior

weak or mild behavior will not suppress behavior

continue to respond even with very strong punishers

Must use sufficient force to suppress behavior

Punishment must consistently follow behavior

stimulus control

Punishment leads to aggression and avoidance

If punishment is used provide alternatives and explanation